Client Brief on AngliCare Australia Research Paper

Customer Brief on AngliCare Australia - Research Paper Example (AngliCare 2011). AngliCare is a social government assistance association in Western Australia that offers specific types of assistance to all individuals running from youngsters to the matured, some including family relationship administrations, child care, appropriation, work administrations, network lodging and advancement, and so on. AngliCare’s Internal Environment: SWOT Analysis Strengths: The qualities of AngliCare lies in the administrations they give, going from care for the matured, youth administrations, family relationship administrations, incapacity and carer administrations, calamity recuperation, and so on additionally, their total incorporation is an extremely solid point in support of themselves, which means their non critical and non oppressive acknowledgment of individuals from varying backgrounds. Their principle saying is to mind and they spread this message to all they go over. AngliCare’s hierarchical and administrations structures can likewise be referenced as one of its qualities. They are complete and all around drafted. Shortcoming: AngliCare is confronting issues in its viewpoints, for example, with a portion of its occasions, the volunteers and operation shops. They have to take a shot at settling these to guarantee they are not dominated by other social government assistance organizations. Openings: AngliCare covers pretty much every individual of varying social statuses who may be confronting issues. Be that as it may, they don't have programs explicit to ladies and youngsters who have confronted misuse. Structuring programs for ladies and youngsters in this desperate state will be extremely useful. Additionally, they can consider growing their administrations to immature and creating nations that don't have such projects set up and need such support. India for example, doesn't have social government assistance programs for its jobless or impaired. A program like this may prove to be useful to enable these individual s to stand up and help diminish other social marks of disgrace like beggary. Dangers: Being a social government assistance office, AngliCare doesn’t truly face dangers as such from rivalry. Social government assistance is situated in the topic of care and their solitary target is to guarantee the government assistance of their kin. Their dangers will principally come into the image as far as absence of assets and volunteers. Additionally, when individuals attempt to trick the office in return for the assets they give, it will make an issue for the office. AngliCare’s External Environment: Stakeholders and Competitors if there should be an occurrence of AngliCare, corporate associations give the chance to organizations to add to its work in the community. Their programs give physical, budgetary, passionate and profound help to help individuals deprived to break the pattern of difficulty. They have Corporate Care accomplices who aid different ways, for example, sponsor ship of occasions, work environment giving by means of finance derivations for representatives, urging individuals to chip in at any of their areas and urging individuals to help them in kind, that is, through methods for food, garments and other such necessities. AngliCare, being a social government assistance office, doesn't generally confront rivalry as such from other social government assistance offices. Every one of these organizations are non benefit based and run to serve individuals, neighborhood or something else. They don't pass judgment or victimize the individuals they help out. All are equivalent according to god and these organizations. AngliCare’s Macro Environment: PESTEL Analysis Political Factors: AngliCare is confronting policy driven issues with regards to its schools’ programs. Increasingly more State, National and Overseas causes are

The Skirmish at Lexington, Massachusetts Assignment

The Skirmish at Lexington, Massachusetts - Assignment Example There is a closeness of events that occurred in both the British official and an observer, yet there are a few logical inconsistencies regarding what gathering began the assaults. The accessibility of the distinction in coming clean might be because of different reasons. To start with, the official may be ensuring the picture of the powers just as attempting to depict a decent picture of the nation to the world. At last, the observer probably won't make certain of the happenings as he proceeded to ask the individuals who were in their organization of the happenings (Wood, para.8). The British official in my view gave the exact occurring of the occasions. The official appears to have firmly followed the occasions and as an affirmation, the observer said that the nearby local army was being enlisted for the afternoon. What's more, a part in the organization of the observer terminated to the British fighters as they scattered which affirms that the British official was precisely telling the occasions (Jefferson and Dickinson,

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin (1914- ) Holds Many Honorable Positions And Has

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin (1914-) holds numerous decent positions and has gotten various honors for his outstanding work. He is one of America's most prominent antiquarians, the writer of in excess of fifteen books and various articles on the historical backdrop of the United States, just as a maker of a network show. His supervisor spouse, Ruth Frankel Boorstin, a Wellesley graduate, has been his nearby teammate. Conceived in Atlanta, Georgia, and brought up in Oklahoma, he got his college degree with most noteworthy distinctions from Harvard and his primary care physician's degree from Yale. He has spent a lot of his life abroad, first in England as a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford. All the more as of late he has been visiting educator of American History at the University of Rome, Italy, the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and at Kyoto University, Japan. He was the main occupant of the seat of American History at the Sorbonne, and was the Professor of American History and Institutions just as Fellow of Trinity College, at Cambridge University. He has been executive of the National Museum of American History and the Librarian of Congress Emeritus. He is an individual from the Massachusetts Bar and has specialized in legal matters. He has gotten in excess of fifty privileged degrees and has been regarded by the administrations of France, Belgium and Portugal. In 1989 he got the National Book Award for Distinguished Contributions to American Letters by the NationalBook Foundation. Dr. Boorstin's numerous books incorporate the set of three The Americans: The Colonial Experience, which won the Bancroft Prize, The Americans: The National Experience, which won the Parkman Prize, and The Americans: The Democratic Experience, which won the Pulitzer Prize. His 1983 work, The Discoverers, a top of the line history of man's hunt to know the world and himself, was granted the Watson Davis Prize of the History of Science Society. His different works incorporate The Mysterious Science of Law, The Genius of American Politics, and The Republic of Technology. Also, he is the supervisor of An American Primer and the thirty volume arrangement The Chicago History of American Civilization. His books have been converted into twenty-five dialects (GBN Reviews, 1997). The vast majority of Dr. Boorstin's books are not composed as ordinary sequential accounts. Rather, their short parts investigate numerous different aspects of American culture. The subjects which he covers go from th e new language, the ascent of the piece of candy and the moon arrival, to the improvement of the money register(Minskoff, 1973). He doesn't relate those realities essentially in light of the fact that they are themselves fascinating, interesting and illuminating - however they are that, as well. He utilizes them all to help pose the inquiries that he endeavors to reply in the majority of his books: What has life come to mean and stop to intend to the late-twentieth century Americans? He impacts the world forever into a sort of national life account, reminding the individuals that they have made themselves what they are. Dr. Boorstin's most realized book is likely The Americans: The Democratic Experience. The vote based system that is portrayed in this book has little to do with dominant part rule and minority rights. It is a full scale picture of present day America, which depicts not just the significant occasions that were imperative to the country's history, yet the incalculable and little-saw upsets, which happened not on front lines yet in individuals' homes, ranches, manufacturing plants, schools and stores. These insurgencies make something astounding and extraordinary of ordinary experience. He shows that the Americans have become a country which is held together by what its individuals purchase, the publicizing they see, characterized by how they check themselves and how others tally them, portrayed by the manner in which they depict their riches or neediness. The unlimited surges of property made by the American enterprise, the new vagueness of proprietorship in a country of diversified ou tlets, and the new vote based system of bundling, in which the wrapping of things frequently costs more than their substance, in Dr. Boorstin's words, indicate the more slender existence of things(Boorstin,1973). The mission for curiosity has brought, alongside its rewards, another bewilderment over what individuals truly mean by something new. The general thought of progress is uprooted by the pace of development. As indicated by Dr. Boorstin, the entirety of that means the Democratic Experience.

The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Idaho

The Financial Performance Of Banks In Pakistan Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8080 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Pakistan is included in the countries that are heavily affected by each other, and any sort of chaos of any scale would surely harm Pakistans economy. A country like Pakistan that is already fighting for high food and fuel prices could pay horrible cost of global financial crisis. Pakistans economy is dealing with most horrible sort of macroeconomic discrepancies and surely need financing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Financial Performance Of Banks In Pakistan Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Pakistans financial development has slowed down and the flow of those financial crisis perhaps or might not strike with similar amount or strictness as those financial are doing to the urbanized world, but still there are a range of sources through which the crisis may harm Pakistans economy. The areas which are affected through these financial crisis such as United States of America Europe, grasp a primary worth for Pakistans financials. The monetary chaos is expected to influence Japan, Europe and North American countries with occupied strength. Pakistans outer division encompasses foreign investment, trade, transmittals and resources are interlinked with above economies. All these pointers of exterior sector have more than 50 per cent of the stake in this region. Fifty percent of foreign business of Pakistan is reliant on above mentioned countries. A country surely hit by bad financial conditions if foreign investment declines significantly, the demand for its exports drops and the conditions of doing business changes. Our country has a sort of inflexible trade in composition in such conditions if exports face any catastrophe, than current account shortfall will surely run farther than the bearable restrictions. The major area of the economy of any country is its financial sector, in recent times financial sector has received renewed focus in the world. And within the broad domain of the financial sector, it is the banking industry that has been the center of attraction for the government and policymakers, particularly in the landscape of the Universal Banking Model. In most sensitive businesses banking is also included. In any economy banks are very vital for its development and Pakistan is also included among those countries. Banks doesnt only play the role of guardian of assets but also operate as chief monetary mediator of any economy. Banking division controls numerous but incorporated monetary activities which may include enlistment of wealth , compilation and allocation of community business. Pakistans monetary division consists of listed Banks which comprises public sector, overseas and personal banks. Non-banking monetary Institutions comprise of home finance corporation, modarabas, Development Finance organizations, Investment Banks and leasing companies. Financial division of Pakistan is facing a complete however difficult agonizing procedure of reforms since 1997. The aim behind is to make banking sector monetarily strong and copy their associations with genuine division intended for endorsement of Investment, savings and growth. An absolute rotation in banking sector presentation isnt predictable until the conclusion of restructuring. The roughly concurrent scenery of a variety of issues makes it hard to separate symbols of development worsening. Pakistans Banking Division After witnessing a strapping growth till 2008, banking industry started presenting symbols of decelerate, as assets, investment, deposits and profitability of banking sector is on decline whereas market risk, advances, credit risk and interest risk are broaden. As per the evaluation of the State Bank of Pakistans periodical Performance evaluation of the Banking System, because of worsening macroeconomic conditions the performance of the banking structure on asset class profits has somewhat reduced. Banking sector deposit section observed a major turn down of Rs 124 billion throughout the third section of 2008. So, the allocation of deposits in the whole financial support construction reduced to 73.8 percent from 76 percent in last quarter. State bank discovered that productivity of banking structure remained firm throughout the quarter although return pointer shows somewhat decline due to advanced provisioning and working expenditures. In general Pakistani banking division h as not been as flat to exterior distresses as it happened with banks in Europe. Liquidity is tense but it has small concern about Global Financial Crisis and further concern with profound government borrowing from banking division. Several banks have established outstanding record of growth, value creation and innovation. While Mckinsey report, Banking Industry (2010) identifies four important opportunities and challenges in local Banking sector highlighting Market is falling in discontinues growth with new products, services, fee based income and Investment Banking. Windfall gains with the decrease in Interest rates would not be enjoyed. The increase in competition and added interest in Foreign Banks will intensify. With changes in the demographic factors, the requirements of service and institutional capabilities will also increase. The Mckinsey report, 2010 also highlights the facts that Foreign Banks will begin the Mergers Acquisition in recent years buying ou t old sector and new sector banks as a result new private banks and foreign banks will grow at a greater rate as compare to public banking sector. Pakistan has majority of public sector banking system monitored and or supervised by State Bank of Pakistan, and has performed best in stable way during worst times in the world financial system with less developments in innovation and inclusion. An Overview of Last Few Years At the end of 2008 statistics from the banking division witness decelerate. In October 2008, deposits reduced from Rs 3.77 trillion to Rs 3.67 trillion. Supplies for sufferers in same phase depart from Rs 173 billion to Rs 178.9 billion. For the time being, State bank has pushed economy extensive charges of interest. Amplified struggle in the banking division will force smaller banks to either sell out to other larger banks or merge. A small capital base will also restrict branch expansion of smaller banks, forcing them to focus on relatively smaller retail clients. Hence, it is foreseen that a major merger/acquisition potential in the banking sector. Competition would also spill over to other customer services such as provision of ATM machines and better banking facilities. Again, only the larger banks would be able to invest in automation technology and branch expansion necessary to improve efficiencies and mobilize cheaper funds. List of Banks in Pakistan BANKS IN PAKISTAN Public Sector Banks First Women Bank Limited The Bank of Khyber National Bank of Pakistan The Bank of Punjab Sindh Bank Islamic Banks AlBaraka Bank (Pakistan) Limited BankIslami Pakistan Limited Burj Bank Limited Meezan Bank Limited Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited Private Banks Allied Bank Limited Askari Bank Limited Bank Alfalah Limited Bank Al Habib Limited Faysal Bank Limited Habib Bank Limited Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited JS Bank Limited KASB Bank Limited MCB Bank Limited NIB Bank Limited Samba Bank Limited SILKBANK Limited Soneri Bank Limited Summit Bank Limited United Bank Limited Foreign Banks Barclays Bank PLC Citibank Pakistan Operations Deutsche Bank AG Pakistan Operations HSBC Bank Middle East Limited Pakistan Operations Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Pakistan Branches Oman International Bank S.A.O.G Pakistan Operation s The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Limited Pakistan Operations Development Financial Institutions House Building Finance Corporation Pak Brunei investment Company Limited Pak China Investment Company Limited PAIR Investment Company Limited Pakistan Kuwait Investment Company Limited Pak Libya Holding Company Limited Pak Oman Investment Company Limited Saudi Pak Industrial Agricultural Investment Company Limited Specialized Banks Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Ltd SME Bank Limited Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited Micro Finance Banks / Institutions KASHF Microfinance Bank Limited Khushhali Bank Limited Apna Microfinance Bank Limited NRSP Microfinance Bank Limited Pak Oman Microfinance Bank Limited Rozgar Microfinance Bank Limited Tameer Micro Finance Bank Limited The First Micro Finance Bank Limited The Problem Statement Global financial crisis hit all the financial institutions around the world. Banking divisions performance, insolvency or solvency has been specified a great deal of consideration at domestic as well as at global level. This aim of this research is to analyse the financial performance of Pakistani banks, the major reasons of their decline/incline nowadays, problems faced by them in recent time and the Initiatives that should be taken to bolster bank operations in Pakistan. Objectives of the Study Eventual purpose of this research is to gauge the financial performance of banks under study. It can be broken down as follows: To examine the monetary performance of banks To carry out the aspects which have directed to existing financial conditions Propose procedures for the banks on the basis of results of the research, which will help banks to improve financial performance Scope of the Study This study or analysis of the banks will help in gauging the performance of banks in Pakistan. It includes detailed study of renowned banks operating in Pakistan for the period undertaken. Limitations of the Study Results of the research are merely based upon the information given by institutions and other secondary sources. The key issues which can obstruct the current expected performance of banks are monetary circumstances and government strategies. This research is limited to the study of banks operating in Pakistan. Basic Assumptions For this research I have taken the following assumption: The data provided by the banks for research analysis is completely true The banks under consideration had some consequence of financial crisis Key terms CAMEL model, Non banking Financial Institutions, Development Finance Institutions, Financial Crisis, Financial Performance, Banking, Performance Evaluation. Chapter 2 Literature Review Introduction Banking profits have gained significant importance in recent years as banks are the institutions, which contribute for overall economic activities that are happening in any country. Post 1990s, due to financial liberalization and deregulation of Banks, there has been entry of foreign banks and some large private sector banks with the huge capital and man power has played a key role in Pakistani economy. Even public sector has not lagged behind as they have constantly changed and adapted to the new technological innovations. Banks traditional mode of getting funds at a low cost and the spread between getting funds and providing loans and advances has reduced. Thus, traditional banking activities yielded low profits and banks started looking for new avenues for increasing their bottom-line (Chowdhury Chowdhury, 2010). According to Chowdhury, Banking conventions usually suggests that with the increase in fee based income, risks can be diversified. Thus, Pakistani banking sector ha s to focus on fee based income like other developed nations. Thus it becomes important to understand the factors play in non interest income, interest income, total profit and total income in order to provide stability to business of banking. Few Studies have revealed that the consequence of privatization on banks effectiveness efficiency revealed that privatized banks have executed better than completely public division banks they are transmittable with banks in private division (Sathye, 2005). The major factors affecting the profitability and efficiency of the banks were directed investments, directed credit, growth in assets, growth in advances and increased proportion of other income in total income of the banks (Bhaumik and Dimova, 2004). The Banks liquidity position was severely affected due to increasing mismatches in deposits and credit growth rates, apart from several structural components such as huge gaps in maturity of assets and liabilities due to increasing ex posure in infrastructure projects, which are long term in nature. The Banking Stability, when compared to previous period depicted relative movements in risk parameters of the banking system over a period of time, which indicated marginal rise in the risks with reference to liquidity compared to the previous year. However, the Banking Stability Indicator, showed overall improvements in stability compared to the previous reporting period (State Bank of Pakistan, 2012). Historical Perspective To compute the monetary reliability of banks excellence of management, financial ratios are used. Say for example, controller of banks uses financial ratios to calculate effectiveness of banks (YUE, 1992). Beaver (1996), Altman (1968), Maishanu (2004), Mous (2005) used financial ratios to evaluate the performance appraisal of banks, experiential proof by them are present. Basically Camel framework was proposed to conclude at what time to program on-site assessment of any bank (Thomson, 1991; Whalen and Thomson, 1988). The factors of CAMEL model show increased probability of bank breakdown while whichever of factor demonstrate insufficient, and they are capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings profitability and Liquidity. Agenda behind selection of CAMEL factors is that every factor signifies key component of banks financial statements. There are a number of studies which supply clarification of choosing CAMEL model; they are Lane et al. (1986), Looney et al. (1989), Thomson (1991), Elliott et al. (1991) and Eccher et al. (1996). The first being to employ financial ratios to forecast bankruptcy was Beaver (1966), though his study was limited for looking one ratio at a time. Altman (1968) altered the concept of Beaver by means of using numerous categorized studies. The study joined data of various financial ratios in a solitary forecasting model. The z-score model of Altmans was output of his numerous categorized studies and it was famous for a lot of decades because his model was simple correct. Maishanu (2004) recognized 8 financial ratios which can provide information to the analysts of finance. He also introduced another model which was used to predict breakdown of commercial banks. Cole et al. (1995) conducted a study on A CAMEL Ratings Shelf Life and the findings of them proposed that a bank should be examined in a time period of maximum two quarters. Godlewski (2003) tested soundness of CAMEL model to determine the de fault of a bank in rising economies. Said and Saucier (2003) examined the liquidity, solvency and efficiency of Japanese Banks with CAMEL rating tactic for the period of 1993 1999 of a delegate sample, the focus of their study was capital adequacy, assets quality, management capability, earnings ability and liquidity of Japanese banks. Prasuna (2003) analyzed the performance of Indian banks by adopting the CAMEL Model. The performance of 65 banks was studied for the period 2003-04. The author concluded that the competition was tough and consumers benefited from better services quality, innovative products and better bargains. Bhayani (2006) analyzed the performance of new private sector banks through the help of the CAMEL model. The sample was four leading private sector banks. Gupta and Kaur (2008) conducted the study with the main objective to assess the performance of Indian Private Sector Banks on the basis of Camel Model and gave rating to top five and bottom five banks. Th ey ranked 20 old and 10 new private sector banks on the basis of CAMEL model. They considered the financial data for the period of five years i.e., from 2003-07. K.V.N. Prasad (2012), in his research A Camel Model Analysis of Nationalized Banks in India stated that banking sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. Todays banking sector becoming more complex. Evaluating Indian banking sector is not an easy task. There are so many factors, which need to be taken care while differentiating good banks from bad ones. To evaluate the performance of banking sector we have chosen the CAMEL model which measures the performance of banks. After deciding the model we have chosen twenty nationalized banks. According to the importance of study each parameter is given equal weights. In the process of continuous evaluation of the banks financial performance both in public sector and private sector, the academicians, scholars and administrators have made several studies on the CAMEL model but in different perspectives and in different periods. Current Perspective In 2010 K.V.N. Prasad and G. Ravinder did a research named, A CAMEL model analysis of nationalized banks in india which was published in International Journal of Trade and Commerce-Iiartc. In this research they mentioned that banking sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. Todays banking sector becoming more complex. Evaluating Indian banking sector is not an easy task. There are so many factors, which need to be taken care while differentiating good banks from bad ones. To evaluate the performance of banking sector we have chosen the CAMEL model which measures the performance of banks from each of the important parameter. After deciding the model we have chosen twenty nationalized banks. According to the importance of study each parameter is given equal weights. K.V.N. Prasad and G. Ravinder (2010) also stated that CAMEL is basically ratio based model for evaluating the performance of banks. It is a management tool that measures capital adequacy, assets quality, and efficiency of management, earnings quality and liquidity of financial institutions. The period for evaluating performance through CAMEL in this study ranges from 2005-06 to 2009-10, i.e., for 5 years. The absolute data for twenty nationalized banks was collected from various sources such as annual reports of the banks, Prowess, Ace Analyzer, Analyst journal and average of each ratio calculated for the period 2006- 10. All the banks were first individually ranked based on the sub-parameters of each parameter. The sum of these ranks was then taken to arrive at the group average of individual banks for each parameter. Finally the composite rankings for the banks were arrived at after computing the average of these group averages. Banks were ranked in the ascending/descending order based on the individual sub-parameter. The conclusion of the research done by K.V.N. Prasad and G. Ravinder (2010) states that economic development of any country is mainly influenced by the growth of the ba nking industry in that country. The current study has been conducted to examine the economic sustainability of a sample of thirty nine banks in India using CAMEL model during the period 2006-10. The study revealed that: Canara Bank stood at top position in terms of capital adequacy, In front of asset quality, Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda was at top most position, In context of management efficiency, Punjab Sindh bank positioned at first, In terms of earnings quality Indian Bank sustained the top position, Bank of Baroda rated top in case of liquidity position, Overall performance table shows that, Andhra Bank is ranked first followed by Bank of Baroda, Punjab Sindh Bank, Indian bank , Corporation Bank, In bottom five, Central Bank of India was on the last position. Mihir das Annesha das (2009), analysed Indian banking industry using CAMEL model, they states that Indian banking sector holds a key position in Indian economy, banks act as mediator between all businesses. In this wa y Indian banking division plays a vital role in state profits. So the analysis evaluation of banking sector is very important. They analyzed 58 banks and the data used was before global financial crisis. The study concludes that private banks are improved as compare to public banks for the period data was collected. The main reasons of better performance of private banks were the quality of management and profitability of banks. Public sector banks need to have quick response to altering market circumstances to fight with private banks. The reason of difference between their performances is due to the credit policy they have adopted, service provided to customers and shaking hand with changing IT environment in the banking industry. To improve the performance public division banks change their credit lending policy that will also result in improved quality of assets and better profitability. Banks should monitor the profitability and strength of borrowers on a continuous basis beca use it will decrease the hazard of non performing assets. Banks should advance the marketing tactics and alter their distribution phenomenon to magnetize more clients and then supply them with best customer service. Banks should also progress in employee motivation efficiency. There are some limitations inherent in the present study. The sample size used for the study is limited. Further, the study period was limited due to the limited availability of data. Another limitation was in the nature of the overall CAMELS rating used: the rating gives undue importance to the factors of management soundness and earnings. Further, the CAMELS framework is not a comprehensive framework; for example, it does not take into consideration other forms of risk (such as credit risk). Further studies can incorporate other risk factors into the framework to provide a more comprehensive measure of banking performance. B. Nimalathasan (2009), A comparative study of financial performance of bankin g sector in Bangladesh an application of CAMELS rating system The Banking sector in Bangladesh is different from the banking as seen in other developed countries. This is one of the Major Service sectors in Bangladesh economy, which divided into four categories of scheduled Banks. These are Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), Government Owned Development Financial Institutions (DFIs), Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), and Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs). Performance of financial Institution is generally measured by applying quantitative techniques of financial measurement. It is a post mortem examination techniques of achievement of a bank. Many Studies are conducted in different countries to judge the performance of their banking system, using different statistical methods such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA). The present Study is initiated a Comparative Study of Financial Performance of Banking Sector in Bangladesh using CAMELS rating s ystem with 6562 Branches of 48 Banks in Bangladesh from Financial year 1999-2006. CAMELS rating system basically quantitative technique, is widely used for measuring performance of banks in Bangladesh. Accordingly CAMELS rating system shows that 3 banks was 01 or Strong, 31 banks were rated 02 or satisfactory, rating of 07 banks was 03 or Fair, 5 banks were rated 4 or Marginal and 2 banks got 05 or unsatisfactorily rating. 1 NCB had unsatisfactorily rating and other 3 NCBs had marginal rating. Secondary data were used for the present study. The annual data for all banks during the financial years of 1999-2006 are used for rating the performance of the banks. In addition another source of data was through references to the library and the review of different articles, papers, and relevant previous studies. The sample for this studies all branches of the banks in Bangladesh. The Banking sector in Bangladesh is different from the banking sector as seen in developed countries. Thi s is one of the major service sectors in Bangladesh economy and can be divided mainly into four categories Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), Government Owned development finance Institutions (DFIs), Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), and Foreign Commercials Banks (FCBs). At present there are 48 Scheduled banks operating in Bangladesh of these 4 are nationalized, 5 are development finance institutions, 30 are local private commercial and 9 are foreign commercial banks. All branches of the banks are taken for the present study. In the preceding analysis, it has been that the performance measurement of a bank under traditional measures as CAMELS rating techniques. CAMELS rating system basically quantitative technique, is widely used for measuring performance of banks in Bangladesh. Accordingly CAMELS rating system shows that 3 banks was 01 or Strong, 31 banks were rated 02 or satisfactory, rating of 7 banks was 03 or fair, 5 banks were rated 04 or Marginal and 2 banks got 05 or unsatisfactorily rating. 1 NCB had unsatisfactorily rating and other 3 NCBs had marginal rating. Zohra Jabeen (2010), Study of the efficiency measures in the banking sector in Pakistan (2006-2010) quantitative analysis with qualitative inferences Achievement of Efficiency is considered to be an important factor for all entities, yet it is a tricky one, primarily because it is measured in relative and comparative terms. For the financial sector, it has tremendous importance, having material benefits and losses too. Therefore it becomes an important benchmark of achievement. This study is first part of a series of studies to be continued in the efficiency measurement in the financial sector in Pakistan. The current study measures efficiency of fourteen select banks in the financial sector of Pakistan and addresses the interpretation of efficiency. It uses the parametric OLS technique, using the definition of efficiency and the set of variables chosen from the CAMEL rating system o f the regulators of financial institutions. It further applies the non parametric Data Envelopment Analysis Approach to the sample and assesses their relative efficiency in terms of inputs and outputs of the intermediation approach. It discusses the results in the context of the background of the variables of assessment and their relationship to efficiency of banks. The study aims at finding a better view of performance in the financial sector for more reliable results. The paper is part of an ongoing study regarding efficiency assessment in the banking sector in Pakistan. At its initial step, it provides important clues to the efficiency assessment measures for financial institutions in Pakistan. It followed the established research methodology for the OLS technique and the DEA analysis. We can deduce from the results of the OLS method that the CAMEL ratios do attempt to gauge the efficiency ratios of the sample under considerations. Within the five independent factors, the CAR and Ern have significant predictability. The results show that the CAR and Ern ratios are the most significant contributors to the ER, and these conform to previous studies. However, if we simply find out the efficiency ratio for the sample banks, the ones which have a good efficiency ratio do not necessarily have the same standing in CAR and Ern ratios. The results of the DEA technique are not giving any conclusive answers, as to which bank is less efficient, except Bank Islami which appears to be overall inefficient. It is showing nine out of the sample of fourteen banks to be efficient. Therefore there is need for further work on the application of the DEA Model, before being conclusive on the results. The main point to ponder seems to be whether the large majority of the sample banks are actually efficient. Whether, these high values of efficiency have anything to do with the high interest rate spread in the market, or not? It is suggested that the study be expanded to includ e more variables that may be considered to be important in measurement of efficiency. However, (it is seen from the preliminary review of literature that) the DEA approach in the financial sector, has lack of consensus or consistency in choosing variables as inputs and outputs (Kabir, (2006), Elisa and Luca (2007) and others). Similarly, with different choices, the results are very different and it is feared that these quantitative tools can be misunderstood or misleading in results. The study was limited to a five year data (2006-2010). This can be expanded to include more years beyond 2005 backwards and perhaps more banks and Development Financial Institutions to get a better view of the financial sector in Pakistan. In this study, the GAP analysis was not conducted. It was limited to CAMEL and not CAMELS. This is the S part of the CAMELS assessment. GAP ratio is commonly termed as a sensitivity ratio showing the exposure of the financial entity to interest rate risk. The Curre nt year Cumulative Yield/Interest Risk Sensitivity Gap minus previous year Cumulative Yield/Interest Risk Sensitivity Gap gives up the GAP. However, with our ratios form in the CAMEL, a ratio like figure was required. More insight into the GAP working is needed in further study in this area. Rehana K. Irum S. (2010), gauging the financial performance of banking sector using CAMEL model: comparison of conventional, mixed and pure Islamic banks in Pakistan The study is a comparison based on performance of Pure Islamic banks, mixed banks (we use this word for all those banks that have their Islamic as well conventional branches) and conventional banks using CAMEL model. It is an appropriate and simple model to evaluate the financial and managerial assessment of institutions. The ratios defined by CAMEL method are analyzed by using ANOVA to investigate any significant difference. The data analysis is done using SPSS. Based on our analysis, we found that Islamic banks have adequate c apital and have good asset quality when compared to Islamic branches of conventional banks and conventional banks. Moreover, Islamic banks in general have good management competency in comparison to conventional banks. The earnings of Islamic branches of conventional banks are greater than full-fledge Islamic banks and conventional banks. Finally, it can be concluded that Islamic banks have a developing setup. As study is related to the performance assessment of banking sector based on the CAMEL model so following section explained the variables of study. Based on CAMEL, there are five categories of variables. These categories are Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Capability, Earnings, and Liquidity. Statistical findings reveal that there are significant differences in the mean CAMEL ratios of three bank types. The performance measurements of Islamic banking in Pakistan are different in comparison to the results drawn from the similar studies done in other parts of t he world. For example it is argued that UAE Islamic banks are relatively more profitable, less liquid, less risky, and more efficient as compared to the UAE conventional banks. Samad Hassan (2000) revealed in their study that BIMB (Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad) is less profitable, relatively less risky and more solvent as compared to conventional banks of Malaysia. The difference in results is largely due to the fact that Islamic banking has longer history in these countries as compared to Pakistan where full-fledged Islamic banking started merely few years back. Moreover, conventional banking has a longer history, deeper roots, vast experience of learning from the financial markets mechanisms, and larger share in the Pakistan financial sector. Considering these facts of the matter, we dont find the results of our study surprising. However, the way Islamic banking sector is improving and growing in Pakistan. Islamic Banking Department was established on 15th September, 2003 and ha s been entrusted with the task of promoting and developing the Shariah Compliant Islamic Banking as a parallel and compatible banking system in the country. Islamic Banking is one of the emerging field in global financial market, having tremendous potential and growing at a very fast pace all around the world. In January 2002, Meezan Bank Limited was granted first Islamic Banking License by State Bank of Pakistan. The progress of Islamic Banking in Pakistan has also been commendable during the last Five years. Currently there are six licensed full-fledged Islamic Banks and twelve conventional banks with independent Islamic Branches. The Evaluation Model CAMEL CAMEL is basically ratio based model for evaluating the performance of banks. It is a management tool that measures capital adequacy, asset quality, efficiency of management, quality of earnings and liquidity of financial institutions. Variables There are five categories of variables in which multiple ratios are calculated, these categories are Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Capability, Earnings and Liquidity of the institutions, all are specifically explained below: Capital Adequacy In banks perspective it is important to preserve depositors assurance and avoiding the bank from getting bankrupt. This factor imitates the whole financial situation of bank and also the capability of management to congregate the need of added funds. Below mentioned ratios determine capital adequacy: Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): The capital adequacy ratio is developed to make sure that banks can soak up rational level of losses occurred due to operational losses and determine the capacity of the bank in meeting the losses Debt-Equity Ratio (D/E): The extent of leverage of a bank is specified by this ratio. This ratio point out the level of a banks business funded by debt the level of equity Advance to Assets Ratio (Adv/Ast): This is the ratio which point out banks assertiveness in lending whose eventual outcome showed in improved profitability Government Securities to Total Investments (G-sec/Inv): It is an important indicator showing the risk-taking ability of the ba nk. It is a banks strategy to have high profits, high risk or low profits, low risk. Asset Quality The excellence of all assets is significant factor to measure the potency of any bank. Key dictum of gauging assets quality is to determine the part of non-performing assets as a percentage of the total assets. Ratios which are calculated to review the asset quality are: Net NPAs to Total Assets (NNPAs/TA): This ratio discloses the efficiency of bank in assessing the credit risk and, to an extent, recovering the debts Net NPAs to Net Advances (NNPAs/NA): It is the mainly usual calculation of asset quality which measures net non-performing assets as percentage to net advances Total Investments to Total Assets (TI/TA): It indicates the extent of deployment of assets in investment as against advances Percentage Change in NPAs: This measure tracks the movement in Net NPAs over previous year. The higher the reduction in the Net NPA level, the better it for the bank Management Efficiency CAMEL models another vital component is Management efficiency. Ratios in this section include subjective study to compute the competence and efficacy of management. The ratios used to evaluate management efficiency are described as: Total Advances to Total Deposits (TA/TD): A banks managements effectiveness is measured through this ratio. It measures the capability of banks supervision in changing the funds deposited with the bank excluding other funds like equity capital, etc. into high earning advances Profit per Employee (PPE): Surplus generated per employee is revealed through this ratio. Total number of employees is placed in denominator and income after tax generated by the bank is placed in numerator, the answer is calculated by dividing the friction. Business per Employee (BPE): Output of a bank produced through human force is calculated through this ratio. To determine the effectiveness of human force which generates business for the bank business per employee rat io is a vital tool to deploy Return on Net worth (RONW): It is the calculation of prosperity of bank. Here, PAT is expressed as a percentage of Average Net Worth. Earning Quality The quality of earnings is a very important criterion that determines the ability of a bank to earn consistently. It basically determines the profitability of bank and explains its sustainability and growth in earnings in future. The following ratios explain the quality of income generation. Operating Profit to Average Working Funds (OP/AWF): This ratio indicates how much a bank can earn profit from its operations for every rupee spent in the form of working fund Percentage Growth in Net Profit (PAT Growth): It is the percentage change in net profit over the previous year Net Profit to Average Assets (PAT/AA): This ratio measures return on assets employed or the efficiency in utilization of assets Liquidity Risk of liquidity is curse to the image of bank. Bank has to take a proper care to hedge the liquidity risk; at the same time ensuring good percentage of funds are invested in high return generating securities, so that it is in a position to generate profit with provision liquidity to the depositors. The following ratios are used to measure the liquidity: Liquid Assets to Demand Deposits (LA/DD): A bank meets demands from depositors in a specified time period is due to its ability; this ratio computes that capability of the bank. To offer higher liquidity for them, bank has to invest these funds in highly liquid form Liquid Assets to Total Deposits (LA/TD): Liquidity available for the whole deposits of a bank is calculated through this ratio Liquid Assets to Total Assets (LA/TA): It measures the overall liquidity position of the bank. The liquid asset includes cash in hand and wealth at call short notice. The entire assets include the revaluation of all the assets G-Se c to Total Assets (G-Sec/TA): It measures the risk involved in the assets. This ratio measures the Government securities as proportionate to total assets Approved Securities to Total Assets (AS/TA): This is arrived by dividing the total amount invested in Approved securities by Total Assets CHapter 3 Research Methodology Research Strategy The research strategy selected is Archival Research because it formulates the utilization of administrative proceedings and credentials as the primary resource of information. Though the word archival has chronological associations, it may refer to current as well as chronological statistics. Sampling Technique I have selected non probability sampling (or non-random sampling) which endow with a variety of procedures to pick sample on the basis of subjective judgment. In such type of research plans my objectives, research question and choice of research strategy utter non-probability sampling. Sampling Method The method selected is Purposive or judgmental sampling. This form of sample is frequently used while functioning with very small samples and when you aspire to choose cases that are mainly informative. It enables me to judge select cases that best permit me to respond my research query and to meet my objectives. Sample size Matter of sample size is indefinite and unlike probability sampling, there are no regulations. Rather the rational association among sample selection method the reason and focus of study is vital. Consequently, sample size is reliant on study question and objectives, what will be useful, what will have credibility, what I need to find out and what can be achieved through accessible resources. Data Type The data type can be classified into three types that can be implemented in quantitative analysis of financial problems they are time series data, panel data and Cross sectional data. However, for our research we will consider Panel Data. Thus panel data have both the dimensions of time series and cross sectional data and the judgment of panel regression is considered to be developing and interest area in econometrics. Research Model This research is based on the econometric analysis using Regression Model to get the results by plugging in the different variables or more specifically financial ratios and or the values which is reflected in the balance sheet of the banks. Before we could look into the various variables used in the model and their description we have to throw a light on the importance and usefulness of econometric analysis and regression model used in this study. Econometric Analysis Econometrics is Measurement in economics. As the origination of the econometrics is derived from the economics and can be seen from the first four letters Econ (Brooks, 2005). It can also be said as The combination of the probability, sampling and economic models results in an econometric model that will connect a specified sampling process to data. The adjective of the econometric arises from the realization, identification and incorporation of an economic component into the formation and interpretation of the model. Econometric model signifies our knowledge on sampling of economic values in the form of random variables that can be interpreted, have dependence structure and have joint probability distribution (Mittelhammer Miller, 2000). To certain degree the econometric model can be represented as accurate measure of true data sampling. The model thus highlights an overview of analyst knowledge of group of economic outcomes and gives the indication about what is assum ed and what is left to be discovered in the process of research (Mittelhammer Miller, 2000). Regression Model Regression analysis or model is the considered to be the most important tool in the hands of econometrician. Regression model enables to describe evaluate the association among known variable one or more other variables (Brooks, 2005). Thus, regression clarifies the ups and downs in variable with reference to ups and downs in one or more other variables. Regression considered as more powerful and flexible than correlation. In regression both dependent variable (y) and independent variables (x) are considered different. Variable y is said as stochastic (random) that is to encompass a probability distribution. The x variable is said to be non-stochastic (fixed) value in repetitive samples. Linear Regression model equation for a straight line can be shown as below y= a+bx+u where, y=Dependant variable, a=coefficient, b=coefficient, x=given observations or samples, u= Residual or u ~ N(0,1) However, we also use the below equation which is extension of the above equation. Y=a+bx1+cx2+dx3+ex4+fx5+gx6+hx7+ix8+jx9+kx10+lx11+mx12+nx13+ox14+px15..+ut Where X1, X2, X3ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..Xn states the given observations or samples in panel data The below are the variables used in our panel data to find out the random variables that can be interpreted. Those are Dividend payout ratio, Return on Capital, Return on Assets, Income growth rate, Profit per Employee, Total debt to Capital, Long term debt, GDP Growth rate, Market Share, Capital Adequacy-Basel II, Credit -Deposit Ratio, Investment-Deposit Ratio, Net NPA to Net Advances, Business per Employee and Dummy Variable. These variables are explained below in detail along with their computation methodology. Dividend Pay-out Ratio Dividend payout ratio is one of the variables used in our econometric model. It comes under the profitability ratios of the banks or companies. The D/P ratio which calculates the association among income belonging to usual shareholders and dividend rewarded to those shareholders. It can be said as Dividend payout ratio shows percentage share of total income after tax and preference dividend is given as dividend to equity share holder (Khan Jain, 2005). Below equation shows how the dividend payout ratio is calculated. Dividend pay-out ratio = Total cash dividend to equity holders / Total net profit belonging to equity holders X 100 This ratio is widely used ratio across the world and it can be compared with so many years trend and to highlight the comparison of adequacy of the inter-firm or intra-industry. Thus, in the econometric model this variable is used to highlight the adequacy of the banks operating in Pakistan. Return on Capital It is also known as Return on Capital Employed and similar to ROA except that earnings are associated with entire wealth in use. Meaning of entire wealth in use is long-term funds given to owners or lenders of the bank or company. ROC can be calculated in two ways i. ROC can be equal to long term liabilities + Owners equity, ii. ROC equals to net working capital + fixed assets. This ratio highlights how efficiently and effectively the long term funds of owners and lenders of the bank or company has been utilized and also reflects higher the ratio it is recommended (Khan Jain, 2005). It can be calculated in many ways important being shown below ROC = Net profit after taxes + Interest ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Tax advantage on Interest / Average total capital employed ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Average intangible assets X 100 Income Growth Rate Income Growth Rate (IGR) is the maximum rate at which bank or any company can grow in terms of sales or assets without any external financing. In simple words IGR is the percentage of total income of any individual bank out of the group (namely, public, private or foreign bank). There are certain assumptions to evaluate IGR they are i. Assets increase in proportion to the sales, ii. The Earnings after Tax is directly proportionate to sales, iii. The bank can have target retention ratio which it can maintain, iv. Bank does not raise external funds to finance assets (Khan Jain, 2005). IGR = ROA X Retention Ratio / 1 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ROA X Retention Ratio) Return on Assets Return on Assets is one of the important profitability ratios and calculated in provision of association among assets and net profits. It is also known as profit-to-asset ratio. ROA is Earnings after tax available to owners and interest to creditors. Assets are financed by both owners and creditors. Below is the method to compute the ROA. ROA = Net Profit after tax + Interest / Average total assets X 100 Profit per Employee It is known as the return on intangibles. In the recent past the profit per employee (PPE) has generated incomes to the several banks in the form of intangibles income and Profit per employee is one and return on invested capital (ROIC) is other which modern companies or Banks adopt. The very measure of Profit per employee gives emphasis on return on talent. The approach will lead the managers to increase profits relative to people employed in a company (Bryan, 2007). In short a net profit is divided per head of employed staff or employee is a recent way to assess the profits of the bank or a company. Total Debt to Capital The Total Debt to Capital is a leverage ratio and its the relationship between creditors funds and owners capital. Total capitalization of a bank or a company is related to liabilities from outside and not merely from equity of shareholders only. The total debt of bank consists of Long term debts + current liabilities and total assets encompass of stable capital + current liabilities. There are several approaches to find out or compute debt to capital ratio one of the important being Total Debt to Capital Ratio = Total debt / Total Assets Long Term Debt The Long term debts are obligations in the form of loans and advances which exceeds more than one year or the maturity of the loans such as bonds, notes and commercial papers. It is in the ability of the bank/firm to pay off the long term debts to show its solvency. If it is unable to pay of its long term debt may lead to insolvency or winding up of the bank or a firm. GDP Growth Rate The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate is the sell price of all the commodities and services produced during a period of one year in a country. There are two types of GDP they are real GDP and nominal GDP. The economic growth rate or real GDP growth rate is percentage change in variable (Mishkin, 2010). This can be computed as GDP Growth rate = ÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¥ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¡ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¥ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¡ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢1 / ÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¥ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¡ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢1 X 100 Where, t indicates today and t-1 a year earlier. Market Share Market Share means the position or the place in which the bank or a company is placed within the similar group of companies taking into consideration any one of the component for comparison out of the other banks in a group or sector or industry. Thus, in our case we have taken into consideration as Advances out of each group total advances disbursed in a year versus the individual banks advance disbursement in a year. Market Share (%) by Group-wise = Individual Bank Advance / Total Advances of Group X 100 Capital Adequacy-Basel II The Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio is measure be maintained by all the scheduled commercial banks operating in India as Capital Adequacy norms prescribed by Basel II. As per The Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices (Basel Committee) Capital Adequacy Ratio or CRAR: It is ratio of capital fund to risk weighted assets expressed in percentage terms with minimum capital requirements under Tier I, Tier II. This has to be followed very stringently by all the banks without failing as per the Basel committee. Credit-Deposit Ratio The Credit-deposit ratio means amount of loan-assets created by banks from deposits collected from customers. The concept of CDR was first implemented by RBI in 1980 to Public sector banks to maintain 60% in semi urban and rural areas in order to encourage the decrease of inter-regional imbalances and convince the banks to lend in semi urban and rural areas where they mobilized the deposits. Investment-Deposit Ratio In the similar way to CDR, Investment- Deposit Ratio means the sum of both long term and short term Investments on other banks, advances and loans, share market etc. divided by the sum of the amount collected by bank on various accounts such as Savings Bank Account, Recurring deposit account, current account and fixed account. Net NPA to Net Advances Non-Performing Assets are one which challenges the banks stability and profitability by the way of loss of interest income, waving off the principal and so on. Net Non-Performing assets: Can be computed by deducting accounting items like payment received partially, interest due but not recovered. Thus, Net NPA to Net Advances is a ratio to measure on how much advances issued has turned into unrealized or bad debt. Thus, giving signal to banks if it crosses the limits to which the bank cannot sustain. Business per Employee Business per Employee means the overall business generated by each employee who is working in any organization or bank. This can be done by dividing overall business generated divided by per head of the employees working in each of the banks forming business per employee. Dummy Variable In economic and financial modeling, its frequent that one or more residuals will cause to the rejection for the assumption of normality. Thus, leading to observations would appear in the tails of the distribution and would therefore lead u, which enters into the definition of kurtosis since its very large. Those data which does not fit with the pattern of data are said to be outliers. In this case to increase the normality curves is to use dummy variables. The dummy variables are simply used like other variables in the regression model. Yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 x2t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 x3t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4DUMMYt + ut The dummy variable considers the value one for single observation from whole of the sample panel data by making the residual of that panel observation to zero. It is also known as the sensible way to use dummy variables to the regression model if both the statistical need and theoretical justification for the inclusion (Brooks, 2005).

Task 4 Example

Essays on Task 4 Essay Consoli d ments and Financial Performance Analysis of Introduction This paper seeks to prepare consolidated statement of financial position for Tandem Plc and its subsidiary, to prepare consolidated income statement for Paul Plc. and to prepare and compute the financial ratios of Joseph Pye Limited under three separate tasks. Task 1. Draft the consolidated statement of financial position for Tandem Plc and its subsidiary company as at 31 March 2014. Calculations for Goodwill, Non-controlling interest and retained earnings are required to be shown. To consolidate the financial statements of the parent and the subsidiary is to prepare one financial statements for a single economic entity which would require elimination of certain accounts which are offsetting each other. Adding in 100%, line by line of the subsidiary’s the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of both companies is not the complete answer (Liong Tong, 2013). The following eliminations are needed before combining the accounts: The current assets of parent Tandem plc and the current liabilities of its subsidiary Tricycle Ltd amounting to  £180,000. In the case at hand, parent company owned 80% of the shares and to consolidate. As such, there is need first to reflect correct ownership of 20% non-controlling interest and to adjust the balance of retained earnings. Calculation of Goodwill or the excess of fair value of assets given up in exchange for fair of net assets acquired is also needed. This should occur with 80% of the subsidiary stock acquired by parent by issuing stocks. However since fair value of asset given is lower, gain on bargain purchase is the proper term. (Gupta, 2004; Neuhausen and Schlank, 2007). Hence, the computed amount is gain on bargain purchase is  £120,000 as shown not. The amount of non-controlling interest is also computed at  £380,000 representing 20% of the total net assets of the subsidiary at  £1,900,000 as shown in Table A below. Table A – Computation After making the needed adjustments, the consolidated statement of financial position for Tandem Plc and its subsidiary as of t March 31, 2014 is shown below. Task 2 Draft the consolidated income statement for the parent (Paul Plc) and subsidiary companies up to including profit before tax and interest for the year ended December 31, 2014. Calculations for Revenue and Cost of sales are required to be shown. The first step to prepare the consolidated income statement is to consider beginning account balances. The second step is to make the necessary eliminations. The first adjustment is removal of the included f intercompany transaction involving subsidiary Simon Ltd having sold goods costing  £36,000 to Paul Plc for  £54,000 whereby two-thirds of such goods remained in inventory at the end of the year. The dividend income by parent from subsidiary in the amount of  £1,000,000 should also be excluded in the consolidated statement as is deemed transfer of asset. The consolidated revenues can now be prepared by adding the sales revenues of  £96,000,000 with sales of subsidiary at  £34,000,000 but should be reduced by  £54,000 due to the sale of subsidiary to parent. The adjusted total revenues of  £129,946,000 should come out. . Consolidated Cost of sales is derived by adding together the parent cost of goods sold at  £62,000,000 for parent and  £ 19,000,000 for subsidiary less  £54,000 which representing a purchase account by subsidiary. Such intercompany sale and purchase are considered transfer of assets to be eliminated (Liong Tong, 2013) and the resulting cost of goods as consolidated is  £80, 9468,000. Consolidate gross profit in the amount of  £49,000,000 comes out by deducted consolidated cost from consolidated revenues The consolidated income statement show appears as shown below. Task 3 a) Identity and state the formulas that are used to calculated ratios for: (1) liquidity-current ratio; acid test ratio; inventory turnover; trade receivable turnover; trade payable turnover; (2) Profitability -- gross margin ratio, net profit ratio; mark-up; and 93) Equity - return on investment (ROI); return on assets; earnings per share. b) Calculate the ratios. Liquidity Ratios Current ratio meet its currently capacity to pay maturing obligations within the operating cycle by dividing current assets which consists of cash and cash equivalent, short-term investments and receivables, inventories, and other current assets by the current liabilities (Higgins, 2007). Quick is less strict than current ratio, hence the numerator is limited to cash and cash equivalents plus receivables before dividing the amount by current liabilities (Helfert, 2011). When goods are turned into receivable per period this is called inventory turnover and computed by dividing cost of goods of sold to average inventory. When said receivable are collected or converted into cash per period of one year, the same is called receivable turnover (Khan Jain. 2007; Arnold, 2004). Companies want to know how often suppliers are paid in terms of payable turnover and this is estimated by dividing cost of goods sold to average payables (Helfert, 2011). Profitability ratios Gross margin the ratio of mark-up over the selling price per product. Net profit margin deducts further all the costs and expenses can be derived for every product sold from the gross profit. Dividing net profit to sales produces the net profit margin. Mark-up just is the profit per sale of produce but cost is limited the direct cost of the product (Kieso, et al, 2007). Equity Ratios Return on investment informs investors on the amount net income divided by average total equity. Said average total equity should the begging and ending balances of the total equity then divide it by 2 (Kieso, et al, 2007). Return on assets related net income to average total assets. Average total assets is adds the beginning and ending balances of the total assets before dividing the total by 2 (Brigham, and Houston, 2002). The combined formulas for all of the three ratios together with the results after putting the actual given values are presented in Table B below: Table B – Summary of Formula with computed values. Task 4 a) Research and evaluate the relevance and importance of key performance ratios, informing Lewis Raymond of assets management control effectiveness. Performance ratios to assess management effectiveness in the utilization of assets include inventory turnover, receivable turnover, and payable turnover and total asset turnover. The bigger or faster the resulting ratios from these measures except payable turnover, as against certain benchmarks, like industry average, the better it is for the company exhibiting such remarkable performance ratios. Faster inventory turnover and faster receivable turnover against benchmarks coupled with slower payable turnover, would give the give the company advantage or leverage against competitors that would allow the company in maximizing value of shareholder. The practical effect would better liquidity and better profitability that are directly connected to better way of maximizing shareholder value. Managing assets at its best is attaining maximum productivity or getting the best out of given. To illustrate, a company could produce 30 net income for every 100 assets would better than producing only  £10 or lower for the same amount of assets as a form of investment. This is the reason why effective and capable managers should be rewarded and further developed in attaining the corporate goal of wealth maximization (Brigham and Houston, 2002). b) Identify and comment on three suggestions as to how the working capital of a business can be effectively managed. Working capital can be effectively managed by practicing good cash management, good receivable management, and good inventory management. In cash management, a good manager must minimize the amount cash that should be held in conducting normal business activities, but he must have sufficient cash to take trade discounts, maintain credit rating and meet unexpected cash needs. In receivable management, its collection terms with customers must be shorter than payment terms with supplier to have allowance in preventing cash flow problems. In inventory management, the turnover must be faster to minimize storage and to make sure that goods are available when customers need them (Brigham and Houston, 2002). Conclusion: This paper has shown how Tandem plc and subsidiary had its consolidated statement of financial position prepared, Paul Plc and its subsidiary had its consolidated income statement prepared, how to compute ratios for analysing the financial performance of Joseph Pye Limited and to understand the value assets management control effectiveness. References: Arnold, G. 2004. The Financial Times Guide To Investing: The Definitive Companion to Investment and the Financial Markets. London: FT Prentice Hall Brigham, E. and Houston, J. 2002. Fundamentals of Financial Management, London: Thomson South-Western Gupta. 2004. Contemporary Auditing. U.P.: Tata McGraw-Hill Education Helfert, E. 2011. Techniques of Financial Analysis: A Mode. U.P.: McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited Higgins. 2007. Analysis for Financial Management, Eighth Edition. New York: The McGraw−Hill Companies Khan Jain. 2007. Financial Management. Uttar Pradesh: Tata McGraw-Hill Education Kieso, et al. 2007. Intermediate Accounting. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Liong Tong, T. 2013. Consolidated Financial Statements, International Edition, Tax and Accounting Series. CCH Asia Pte Ltd. Neuhausen, B. and Schlank, R. 2007. CCH Accounting for Business Combinations, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets. CCH

Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb free essay sample

Coleman already knew one thing for sure about his future, and that was that he wanted to make educating children his life’s work. Coleman knowing about the lack of educational decrees in Florida decided to take the opportunity to advantage, by writing to Governor William D. Bloxham asking for a sum of $20,000 minimum appropriation to start a school for the deaf and blind. Coleman’s hopes came true when in 1883 Florida’s legislature establishes an institution for blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000. The location of the school was put to a biding between the towns in Florida. Captain Edward E. Vaill offered St. Augustine the biggest bid of $1,000 and 5 acres. The original three wood buildings were erected by contractor William A. MacDuff at $12,749. The school was completed in December 1884. The first class entered in 1892 with 62 students. The two first graduates were both deaf, their names were Artemas W. We will write a custom essay sample on Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pope of St. Augustine and Cora Carlton of Island Grove. The two later married and became parents of Florida Senator Verle A. Pope. The first blind student graduated in 1908. The first African American graduates were Louise Jones a blind student in 1914, and Cary White a deaf student in 1925. The school originally only had 5 trustees in 1905, until 1963 were there were 7. Taylor Hardwick began construction on new dormitories in late 1958 and opened in 1959. The school is now the largest of its type in the U. S. The school now has 47 buildings and 72 acres. The school’s annual budget is over $30 million dollars. The schools no longer an boarding school but, now a public school. It’s the only school in Florida that is pre-school through 12th grade. It also has a post-secondary program. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, and Schools. The Conference of Education Administrators serving the deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and visually handicapped. The school has two departments: the Deaf department, and the Blind department. The school also has outreach programs for parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in Florida. The also has a healthcare center on campus for students, as well as two well-appointed auditoriums. The school boasts the Copeland recreation and fitness center, which is specially designed and constructed for the blind. The center is the site of the annual USABA’s youth national goalball tournament. Not only that but blind high school students get state of the art sound system within the school. The school has 11 sports you can join at the school: Football, Soccer, Volleyball, Basketball, Little League Baseball, Track, Cross Country, Swimming, Goalball, Wrestling, and Cheerleading. They have preforming arts groups, the deaf department has a traveling dance troupe, and the blind department has a band known as the OuttaSight. The school also has several clubs: the blind skier, academic bowl team (competitive), and a traveling math club called MathCounts. -Notable Alumni- * Ray Charles- He learned to read braille here. When he went to the school it was known as the Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. * Ashley Fiolek- A very well-known rider in motocross racing. * Marcus Roberts- A famous Jazz pianist. -My Perspective- I really enjoyed researching and writing this essay. Originally the essay was supposed to be about all deaf culture related things in Florida but, as I started one of the things that kept popping up was the Florida school for the Deaf and Blind. Since it kept popping up I clicked on it and was amazed that it was in St. Augustine (which is where I was going to go for spring break), and that it was the oldest school for the deaf in Florida. All of a sudden I knew that I wasn’t doing my project on the deaf culture in Florida but instead a certain school for the deaf in Florida. Then I realized I had to make a decision; the schools name is the school for the Deaf and Blind. Meaning I would have to decide if I wanted to do my project on the school as a whole which means the Deaf and Blind, or just the Deaf department. As you already know (because hopefully you read the essay) I choose to both. The reason I choose to do both is because if I’m writing (or typing) this essay about the school than I’m going to write about the school in a whole. When I saw the school in person was when I finally realized just how big 47 buildings and 72 acres is. the school is huge and looked like it could swallow are school times two. I wasn’t able to go into the school. I was also surprised that I didn’t see that many people who were either deaf or blind from what I could tell at least. I do remember seeing this one girl who was deaf a couple times, I think she might have been a tourist though because I saw her at a tourist spot. The first time I say her we were sitting across from each other at a restaurant. My dad kept telling me to go say hi, and I swear I told him a million times that I couldn’t and that it would be considered rude. All in all I feel extremely pleased with what I came up with for this essay, and I hope you are too.

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Example

Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club Essay Joining a Health and Fitness Club This experiment was conducted in order to find the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypothesess were studied and investigated. They were Males are fitter than females, Older people will visit the health club more, and There will be a link between self-image and depression. Tests conducted were the coopers twelve minute run to test for vo2 max, Goldbergs depression test, and the egoschool self awareness test. There was also a tally to see how many times older people visit the health club compared to younger people. It was found that males are fitter than females, older people dont visit the health club more than younger people, and that there is a link between self-image and depression. Introduction This study was performed in order to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of joining a health and fitness club. Three hypotheses were looked at during the study to investigate this. People join health clubs for many different reasons. Reasons include, to improve the way we look, to increase self confidence, and for social factors. The main reason however is usually to improve ones fitness. Fitness can be defined by using vo2 max, which in turn can be defined as The maximum rate at which oxygen is consumed during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion. (Davis, Bull, Roscoe 2000) Individuals vo2 max can vary significantly. A trained individuals oxygen consumption will be much less than that of an untrained individual if they both did the same exercise. An individuals vo2 max depends on the capacity of that particular persons cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is said that the cardiovascular capacity determines vo2 max, which in turn determines fitness. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological and Psychological Factors of Joining a Fitness Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All individuals and groups of people will have different fitness levels. Two different groups which generally have great physiological differences are men and women. At a young age girls mature earlier than boys, which means that girls are generally physically stronger than boys during their early life. One of the reasons for this is that girls reach puberty between the age of ten and thirteen, whereas boys dont reach puberty until the age of twelve to fifteen. This explains why girls are usually more physically stronger and skilled than boys at this young age. However, after puberty it is usually men who are physically stronger. This is because during puberty males grow for longer, to be precise 10% taller and 17% heavier. Also, muscle mass grows greatly in males during puberty. Once adolescence has been reached, the average male is stronger and bigger than the average women. Males also have larger hearts which gives them a greater oxygen transport capacity. Males also have higher haemoglobin content, which gives them a higher oxygen carrying capacity. (Brooks, Fahey, White, and Baldwin 2000) All these facts lead to one of this studies hypothesi ss which is males will be fitter than females. The next hypothesis looked at in this study involved the different age groups visiting the health club. Ageing is something that happens to everyone, and it is something that contributes largely to deteriorating an individuals physiological capacity. Ageing contributes to this deteriorating physiological capacity in many different ways. One physiological factor of ageing is an increase in resting pulse due to decrease in stroke volume. A reduction in cardiac muscle fibre size also causes an increase in resting heart rate and a reduced maximum heart rate. This in turn causes a reduction in maximal cardiac output and hence vo2 max leading to a reduced capacity to deliver oxygen to muscle sites at maximal effort. A persons vo2 max declines at a rate of 10% per decade, starting in late teens, for inactive males and females. Another physiological factor of ageing is that heart rate recovers slower due to an oxygen debt taking longer to remove than in younger people due to a lower rate of blood-flow, and hence a lower oxygen carrying capacity to working muscles. There is also a reduction in lung capacity. The population is older than ever before due to life expectancy being at an all time high. This means that there are many older people involved in exercise. It has been stated that leading causes of death are related to lifestyle, therefore many take up exercise in a belief it will keep them healthier for longer. This is because exercise helps keeps the body healthier and younger. The main physiological factors of exercise on ageing are that exercise gives an individual improved pulmonary functioning, improved cardiovascular functioning, maintenance of strength and hypertrophy, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, reduced risk of injury, and an increased ability to perform routine tasks in daily life. (Davis et al) Exercise also helps the body fight off diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, and some cancers. Strength training is very popular amongst older people as it helps prevent bone loss, which reduces the risk of fractures. (Brooks et al) As many older people or people pushing towards middle age know that lifestyle can relate to early death, it can be said that older people have more reason to exercise than younger people. This leads to the second hypothesis in this study which is, Older people will visit the health club more. The final hypothesis in this study researched into self-image and depression In a culture pre occupied with physical appearance, mainly due to the media, self image has become of huge importance. Self image normally involves three concepts that an individual has of themselves. They are, the image you have of the way you look, how much you value yourself, and what you wish you were really like. Self image is the description you would give of the person that you know you are. (Davenport 1995) Another important factor of self image is an individuals body image. This links in to the reasons why people go to a health club, as many visit them to improve their body image. Another factor affecting someones self image is what people say to us, and the way people react to us. Depression is a clinical observation and is one of the most common mood disturbances in all individuals. (Rosenburg 1965) Many people suffer from depression. It is caused by an imbalance of chemicals, and it is not something that can be cured at the click of a finger. Millions of people have depression, and the economic cost of depression is estimated at around 20 billion English sterling, but the cost of human suffering cannot be estimated. There is a link between exercise and depression, where research suggests that exercise effectively reduces depression. In a study run by La Fontaine, Di Lorenzo, Frensch, Stucky-Ropp, Bargmen, and Mcdonald (1992) they found exercise to be such an effective anti depressant that they quoted If exercise could be packed into a pill it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine in the nation. This information may show up in the results, in a form such as the more times an individual visits the health club, the less depressed they are. As well as links between depression and exercise, there are said to be links between self-image and depression. It is true that even mild depression can cause a reduction in self esteem, and therefore self-image. It can also be said that if someone has a high self-image, they are likely to have a low level of depression. This is what leads us into the studies final hypothesis which is There will be a relationship between self-image and depression. Method The first measurements recorded were the heights and weight of the sixty participants. The participants weights were measured on an accurate pair of scales. The units used were kilograms. After their weight had been recorded, their height was taken. This was done using a height measuring scale which was connected to the wall. The units used for the participants height was metres and centimetres. After this, each participants fitness was measured. This was done by obtaining all of the participants vo2 max. This was performed by having the participants do the coopers twelve minute run. This was performed on a 400 metre running track. The idea was for each participant to run as fast as they could for twelve continuous minutes around the track. After the twelve minutes was up, the distance ran was measured. This could then be put into an equation and used to calculate the participants vo2 max. The equation used to work this out was (distance covered 504.9 / 44.73.) The coopers twelve minute run is a reliable test as long as the participants run to their maximum, the track is of correct distance, and the stopwatch is reliable. All of this was ensured before the test. Another measurement that had to be taken for this study was the amount of times the participants visited the health club. This was recorded in the form of a tally chart, where each participant had a mark next to their name each time they visited the health club. The sixty participants were set up into young and old categories in order to see if one of the hypothesiss was correct. Out of the sixty participants, 32 were in the old category, and 28 were in the young category. The next factor measured was each participants depression level. This was done using Goldbergs depression test. In this test there are eighteen statements where the participant had to answer with one of five options which were, not at all, only slightly, partly, quite a lot, a lot, and to a great extent. An example of one of the statements is I feel like a failure. Once all the statements had been answered with a response, a score out of ten was given to each participant. Self-image was the final factor to be measured. This was done by using the Egoschool self awareness test. This involved twelve pairs of statements being from one extreme to another, with a scale of eight in between. An example of one of the pairs of statements was I am not self confident at one end of the scale, and I am self confident at the other end. Once all statements had been answered each participant was given a score out of 100.

Statistics from the War on Drugs Tell a Story

Statistics from the War on Drugs Tell a Story In 1971, President Richard Nixon first declared a national â€Å"war on drugs,† and greatly increased the size and authority of federal government drug control agencies. Since 1988, the U.S. war against illegal drugs has been coordinated by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). The director of the ONDCP plays the real-life role of Americas Drug Czar. Created by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, the ONDCP advises the President of the United States on drug-control issues, coordinates drug-control activities and related funding across the Federal government, and produces the annual National Drug Control Strategy, which outlines Administration efforts to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences. Under the coordination of the ONDCP, the following federal agencies play key enforcement and advisory roles in the War on Drugs: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationFederal Bureau of InvestigationBureau of Justice AssistanceDrug Enforcement AgencyUnited States Customs and Border ProtectionNational Institute on Drug AbuseU.S. Coast Guard Are We Winning? Today, as drug abusers continue to flood America’s prisons and violent drug crimes devastate neighborhoods, many people criticize the effectiveness of War on Drugs. However, actual statistics suggest that without the War on Drugs, the problem may be even worse. For example, during fiscal year 2015, Customs and Border Protection alone reported seizing: 135,943 pounds of cocaine;2,015 pounds of heroin;6,135 pounds of methamphetamine; and4,330,475 (Yes, 4.3 million) pounds of marijuana. During fiscal year 2014, the Drug Enforcement Agency seized: 74,450 pounds of cocaine;2, 248 pounds of heroin;6,494 pounds of methamphetamine; and163,638 pounds of marijuana. (The discrepancy in marijuana seizures is attributable to the fact that Customs and Border Protection has the main responsibility for intercepting the drug as it flows into the U.S. from Mexico.) In addition, the ONDCP reported that during 1997, U.S. law enforcement agencies seized an estimated $512 million in illegal drug trade-related cash and property. So does the seizure of 2,360 tons of illegal drugs by two federal agencies in just two years indicate the success or utter futility of the War on Drugs? Despite the volume of drugs seized, the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported an estimated 1,841,200 state and local arrests for drug abuse violations in the United States during 2007. But whether the War on Drugs has been a smashing success or a dismal failure, it has been expensive. Funding the War In fiscal year 1985, the annual federal budget allocated $1.5 billion to fighting illegal drug use, trafficking and drug-related crime. By fiscal year 2000, that figure had increased to $17.7 billion, increasing by almost $3.3 billion per year. Jump to fiscal year 2016, when President Obama’s budget included $27.6 billion to support the National Drug Control Strategy, an increase of $1.2 billion (4.7%) above fiscal year 2015 funding. In February 2015, U.S. Drug Czar and director of the Obama administration’s ONDCP Michael Botticelli attempted to justify the expenditure in his confirmation address to the Senate. â€Å"Earlier this month, President Obama in his 2016 Budget requested historic levels of funding including $133 million in new funds to address the opioid misuse epidemic in the U.S. Using a public health framework as its foundation, our strategy also acknowledges the vital role that federal state and local law enforcement play in reducing the availability of drugs another risk factor for drug use,† said Botticelli. â€Å"It underscores the vital importance of primary prevention in stopping drug use before it ever begins by funding prevention efforts across the country.† Botticelli added that the expenditure was intended to remove the â€Å"systemic challenges† that had historically held back progress in the War on Drugs: Over-criminalization of illegal drug use;lack of integration with mainstream medical care;lack of insurance coverage for drug abuse treatment; andlegal barriers that make it difficult for people once involved with the criminal justice system to rebuild their lives. A recovering alcoholic himself, Botticelli urged the millions of Americans in substance abuse recovery to â€Å"come out† and demand to be treated like people with non-abuse related chronic diseases. â€Å"By putting faces and voices to the disease of addiction and the promise of recovery, we can lift the curtain of conventional wisdom that continues to keep too many of us hidden and without access to lifesaving treatment,† he said.

$100 laptop by John Quelch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

$100 laptop by John Quelch - Essay Example He needed investment in one million at a time by a nation in Laptop and including all expenditures, the price tag could go to $ 200 million to $ 250 million. Negroponte decided not to venture into production until he has firm commitments from governments to buy at least five million machines outside the USA. Competitors were increasingly lowering their product prices with no such restriction. The real issue was the shift in technology. The emerging markets were likely to be wireless-centric rather than PC- centric. Hence it was more viable to distribute internet enabled cell phones to children for education rather than trying to built and distribute Wi-FI enabled mesh networks with donated or subsidized Laptops as was being done by OLPC. The problem was of disruptive innovation and market evolution. OLPC is facing many different challenges and varied situations both internally and in the external environment. In the table below is the list of the few most relevant and important facts concerning OLPC. SWOT analysis is the most effective tool that provides the framework for the analysis of the business environment. It is considered more effective because, in a way, it combines the Porters five forces with the PEST analysis. It requires careful prioritization of strong opportunities and threats. Wrong selection may lead to weaker opportunities and threats coming in the analysis. SWOT analysis provides both internal and external analysis and provides a critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It helps organizations in developing its strategies like SO that emphasizes on utilizing strengths to capture the opportunities. WT strategy focuses on minimizing weaknesses and threats. ST strategy focuses on using strengths in minimizing threat whereas WS strategy is focused on minimizing weaknesses while focusing on strengths. In the same way, opportunities can be utilized to minimize weakness WO and threats OT depending on the strategy of the company. (Gerry Joh nson, 2008).

Presence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presence - Essay Example Website is a collection of pages or files that is present in the ‘cyberspace’, containing information and other details on a particular subject or subjects. These websites have virtual presence and their physical presence is the web servers. As the files and pages, which are visible on the website, have to be stored in some physical location, web servers play that part. â€Å"A server in this context is a computer that holds the files for one or more sites. On one hand, a very large Web site may reside on a number of servers that may in different geographic locations.† (whatis.com). Websites are developed and put online by several organizations, entities, individuals, etc to fulfil various purposes. Firms, which do business on the web has to be more concerned about presence particularly website presence, because many customers and other stakeholders of a web business will tend to know the company only through its website. (Schneider, 2008). Only if the firmâ€℠¢s online presence is optimally visible and accessible to prospective customers, it can succeed. To fortify their online presence, firms have to develop website, which is user-friendly, loaded with apt details, have a distinct and interesting look, etc.

Nursing in the Community Essay Example for Free

Nursing in the Community Essay In this assignment the topics discussed is a nursing problem related to a medical diagnosis taking from an example of a patient dealt with while the nursing student was out on clinical placement. For this assignment the patient has a diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Kevin Brophy (pseudonym) is a 9 year old boy that had come into the Paediatric Unit. He is of the Roman Catholic religion. He lives with only his mother and she is educated about his disease of Diabetes. His mother’s sister is a nurse also and knew how to manage his Diabetes and looked after him if his mother was busy. The multidisciplinary team have been treating him for the condition for 4 years. He gets hospitalized often to regulate his blood sugar levels and monitor his insulin intake. The nursing problem associated with his diagnosis is related to his diet and nutritional status and being able to monitor these with caution and ease. The nurse had a form for filling out what had he eaten that day and what time this had happened at in the ‘end of bed’ chart which was with his other documentation such as his vital signs and also the fluid balance intake and output chat. There was also a section in this form for documenting what level his blood sugars were and was directed to take record of them after every meal. The nurse then had an idea  of what sort of food he was eating and also a report of his blood sugars which were monitored closely throughout the day. The nurses primary responsibility was to ensure this boy was eating correctly and following the dietary guidelines of a Diabetic patient. The model of assessment/care used to treat Kevin was devised from Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980). The Roper, Logan and Tierney’s’ activity of living (AL) model of nursing consists of twelve activities of living. According to Aggleton Chalmers (2000 P46), â€Å"Each AL specifies a relatively distinct type of human behaviour related to meeting a particular need.† Information was obtained from a booklet containing facts and advice on Diabetes and Healthy Eating from the Department of Health and Dietetics in Waterford Regional Hospital. This has described diabetes as a condition where the body is unable to control the amount of glucose i.e. sugar in the blood. Everyone’s blood has some glucose in it because your body needs glucose for energy. Normally your body breaks food down into glucose and sends it to the bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps to get the glucose from the bloodstream into the cells to be used for energy. In people with Type 2 Diabetes, the pancreas is not making enough insulin or is unable to use the insulin properly, or both. In people with Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas is unable to make insulin full stop. Without insulin in the body, the blood glucose rises (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Waterford Regional Hospital 2006). To manage diabetes in paediatrics is primarily challenging and m uch more complicated than dealing with the diagnosis in adults with Diabetes (DH Diabetes Policy Team 2007, Christie et al 2009). Nurses have to educate and facilitate the self management of Diabetes and also introduce skills to gain the best possible control over the patient’s blood sugars i.e. glycaemic control. If these skills are not executed properly then diseases such as micro-vascular e.g. nephropathy or retinopathy or cardiovascular diseases (macro-vascular), which decreases the quality of life and a reduced life span (The Diabetes Control and Complications Study Group,1994). The nurses and patients responsibility is to monitor and control the intake of food and also be educated on what can have a negative or positive effect on the body. This is a major nursing problem associated with the Diabetic patient and  intervention by the nurse is necessary throughout. In doing so, the nurse must follow the Nursing Process in relation to their diet. Assessment Patients diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes are assessed for signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis, including ketonuria, Kussmaul respirations, orthostatic hypotension, and lethargy. The patient is asked about symptoms of DKA, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Laboratory results are monitored for metabolic acidosis (i.e. decreased pH and decreased bicarbonate level) and for electrolyte imbalance. If the patient exhibits signs and symptoms of DKA, the nursing care first focuses on treatment of these acute complications, as outlined earlier. Once these complications are resolving, nursing care then focuses on long-term management of diabetes. The patients emotional status is assessed by observing his or her general demeanour (e.g., withdrawn, anxious) and body language (e.g., avoids eye contact). The patient is asked about major concerns and fears about diabetes; this allows the nurse to assess for any misconceptions or misinformation regarding diabetes. The nurse is also assessing th e vital signs of the patient such as temperature, respiration, blood pressure etc. and develops a baseline of these results. In this case the patients normal vital signs were as follows : Temperature- 36.4ââ€" ¦, Blood Pressure- 114/70, Respiration rate- 18 breaths per minute. Nursing Diagnosis Based on the assessment data, the main diagnoses the nurse must adhere to are as following: Risk for fluid volume deficit in relation to polyuria and dehydration, imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food, and physical activity. The main ones that are focussed on in this essay are the imbalance of insulin and the patient’s diet. Planning The major goals for the patient may include maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, optimal control of blood glucose levels. The nurse would plan suitable charts and regimes for the patient to follow. Intake and  output are measured. IV fluids and electrolytes are administered as prescribed, and oral fluid intake is encouraged when it is permitted. Vital signs are monitored hourly for signs of dehydration (tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension) along with assessment of breath sounds, level of consciousness, presence of oedema, and cardiac status. If the patient agrees with the diet plan and increases his fruit and vegetable intake this can highly optimise nutritional health, promote a healthy image and reduce the chances of obesity (Lock et al., 2005). In Diabetes, diet is a chief obstacle in the control of the condition (Watson et. al 1997). The patient’s goals in agreeing with a healthy diet for their Diabetes are as follows: 1) To regulate and sustain lipid levels an d blood glucose back to their normal state. 2) To avoid fluctuations in their blood glucose levels during the day. 3) To manage and control a desirable body weight. 4) To prevent or hinder the growth or advancement of renal, neurological or cardiovascular difficulties (Watson et. al 1997). The nurse should introduce a dietary plan for the patient with the Diabetes. This controls the amount of calories that are needed for each day and the magnitude of these calories to be assigned to carbohydrate, protein and lipids. This is determined by a person’s age, weight, gender, activity and their dietary intake before they discovered the disease. In general, the amount of targeted calories allocated to each food type is in the region of 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein and under 30% of fat (Rees and Williams,1995). In the diet, the concentrated sugars should be strictly limited e.g. sweets, jam, cake, and should only represent a minute part of a meal to prevent rapid increase in the blood sugar levels. The unrefined carbohydrates such as whole-meal bread, fruit and vegetables, and also fibre-rich f oods, should be consumed as an alternative to the refined carbohydrates as mentioned before. Implementation Meal planning is put into practice, with the control of glucose as the primary goal. The nurse must consider factors before beginning to intervene such as the patients lifestyle, cultural background, activity level, and their food preferences. A suitable caloric intake allows the patient to achieve and maintain the desired body weight. The nurse would encourage the  patient to eat complete and wholesome meals including snacks that have been prescribed in the diet that the team has devised for Kevin. The nurse needs to take into consideration of the fluid intake and keeps records of IV and other fluid intake, also record urine output measurements. Hypoglycaemia is the most dreaded acute difficulty in the disease of Diabetes, and can be a major factor in the hindering of the metabolic control in the body. Night-time hypoglycaemia states, more common in the paediatric side of Diabetes, places an immense worry for the child themselves but also the parents, as it more likely to go unnot iced and care for (Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J 2005). Hypoglycaemia may occur if the patient skips or delays meals, does not follow the prescribed meal plan, or greatly increases the amount of exercise without modifying food intake and insulin. In addition, hospitalized patients or outpatients who fast in preparation for diagnostic testing are at risk for hypoglycaemia. Juice, milk, or glucose tablets are used for treatment of hypoglycaemia. The patient is encouraged to eat full meals and snacks as prescribed in the meal plan. If hypoglycaemia is a recurring problem, the whole dietary plan must be looked over and improved if needed. The risk of hypoglycaemia with rigorous insulin routines, it is of the utmost importance for the nurse to review with the patient the signs and symptoms, possible causes, and measures for prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia. The nurse should emphasise to the patient and family the importance of having information on diabetes at home for reference. Evaluation After putting this plan into practice, the nurse found that it helped in the treatment and care of Kevin Brophy in managing and controlling his Diabetes. After following the Roper Logan and Tierney model of Nursing it helped understand his Activities of Daily Living and how the patient could work his new dietary plan into these ADL’s and control his blood glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia. Kevin will also be able to be knowledgeable of and carry out duties in a way to control his diabetes mellitus and also maintain adequate fluid volume in the body. He will be able to monitor his blood glucose periodically throughout the day, administer his own insulin, increase his own fluid balance and monitor his urine output. He should demonstrate a participation in activities that include having a proper diet, exercise and  lifestyle (Palandri, M.K. 1993). He also should be wary of and identify community, outpatient resources for obtaining further diabetes education. Conclusion To conclude, Kevin will need continuous assessment and advice on managing and controlling his Diabetes diagnosis. He will need support from his mother and also help from the multidisciplinary team that works with him and his mother in the hospital. In following the Roper Logan and Tierney model he will then be able to manage his ADL’s better and be more understanding with the condition of Diabetes. He will be able to control his dietary intake and follow a routine throughout life to deal with his diagnosis. References Aggleton, P., Chalmers, H. (2000)Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn). London: Macmillan. Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R. McKee, M. (2005) The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Bull. World. Health. Organ. 83, 100–8. Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe Hypoglycaemia in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 18: 83–91. Palandri, M.K. and Sorrentino, C.R. (1993). Black and Matassarin – Jacobs, Pocket Companion for Luckmann and Sorensen’s Medical Surgical Nursing: A Psychophysiologic Approach. 4th Edition. W.B. Saunders. The Diabetes Control and complications Study Group (1994) Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J. Pediatr. 125, 177–188. Waterford Regional Hospital (2006) Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Watson et. al (1997) Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX. Patricia Power Sorcha Dineen Miriam Cass 20053881 Patricia Chesser Smyth Nursing in the Community Module Leaders